What plants are worth growing and yield abundant supply and which ones are you better off getting from the store/ aren't as worth it in terms of growing? Also, what plants who you recommend growing from someone who is a beginner and only has a small patio? All answers greatly appreciated!

Depends on what group of plants you like?
Example: conifers or succulent plants.
Native plants to your area.
Or flowers and daisy family .
General stock varieties are the most common so look for plants that are native in your area.

I was referring to fruits, vegetables, and herbs primarily in the Midwest that grow well

Hi pie, nice to meet you.
I do love herbs. They work great both in-ground and in-container; and, don't take up much space. Parsley, sage, chives, thyme, pineapple sage, dill, cilantro, garlic, basil are all winners because I use them often in the kitchen.
Vegetables mostly take up more space, but gardeners have been known to hang containers of cherry or romano tomatoes.
Here's a suggestion for an on-ground combination in a large patio planter, you could companion (benefit each other) plant tomato/marigold or potato/bush bean - an interesting experiment.
It's certainly OK to interplant vegetables, herbs & flowers, then you enjoy the best of variety all season.
I have been known to design a planter with a 4 foot trellis driven firmly into a wood half barrel; then planted Italian climbing beans, parsley, romano tomato & alyssum.

Thank you Kate!

I agree with fresh herbs, they don't take up much room and you typically don't need much and they can be super expensive in the supermarket. Basil hates even cool weather, anything under 55 and it's not happy, but rosemary parsley cilantro chives thyme sage and oregano will tolerate cool temps and even light frost.

Given your location, you can also rotate.. kale and lettuces (arugula is my favorite) and sugar snap peas are delicious, easy to grow from seed, mature quick and like cool temps So you'll get a jump on the season. They quickly go to seed or die back once it gets hot, so you switch.. if you have a fence (or trellis) cucumber can be prolific in the summer and can be trained up. Eggplant and peppers also give you good bang for the buck, in terms of space and time.

If you have the space and are willing to do something to keep the birds out raspberries are always delicious and can be really expensive in the stores, but you only get one harvest a year, and you only need a small group of birds to wreck all that work in an hour. One morning you have nice pink berries almost ready and by lunch they're all gone. I've never had luck with strawberries. They're easy to grow, but the fruit is always small and really seedy, and you get like 3 a day all summer long, never enough at a time to do anything but pop 'em in your mouth while you water or weed so I don't bother.
Tomatoes will work in the summer, they are sooooo good off the plant. I only eat tomatoes from a garden, and then I can live off them, but you're growing season is short, tomatoes need hot. I advise you to search for a determinate species that ripens early, usually cherry and grape mature faster than a beefsteak.
Zucchini are easy, prolific but they're BIG, the plants can take up a Lot of space. And they are cheap in the supermarket. The benefit of growing your own is 1. The plant is actually ver pretty, and 2. You can harvest and eat the flowers.. put a scoop of goat cheese inside, dip in flour and flash fry... yummy.
Speaking of eating flowers, Nasturtium are great because they're pretty, easy, and the flowers are edible.. we eat with our eyes, throw a couple nasturtium on your salad and you really want to eat it! They're sharp and peppery, so you wouldn't eat a bowl of them, but they add a nice zing to a lot of dishes.

Thank you turbuosarus! This information was very helpful!

if you're growing on a patio, i like to use white 5 gallon buckets. they're super cheap and there are a lot of things online about what/how much you can plant per bucket. i love growing tomatoes and ground cherries to snack on and eat all summer. also, try you hand at growing some things from seed! you can plant some radish seeds and be eating them in about 3 weeks! instant gratification.

The taste of most veggies/fruits from stores is flavorless to me. I'm trying to cover all the popular ones with my garden. Tomatoes, cucumbers, carrots, apples, plums, strawberries, cherries. Exhausting but worth it no doubt

Cherries! Yes! Pretty tress, Not too big, early fruit, they ripen before apples or peaches when you're still gung ho in July! Little bit of work because you do have to spray (and harvest) reliably to get a good season, and you will eventually need a ladder, but holy cow are they awesome and prolific. And they're good for everything! Pancakes, pork roast, they go on everything.

Bulbs, 5 gallon buckets (obviously after you drill drain holes) are great, but I've found that when I buy annual flats at my local nursery and ask them to buy bigger pots to grow stuff on my patio they've given me a handful of spares 10-24" for nothing.. shout out to Windy Hill Nursery in Yonkers, NY.. the black absorbs more sunlight ( keeps roots warmer) and they are less obtrusive/ noticeable. oh, and did I mention FREE