Quite possibly aphids. Those white things are discarded skins which they shed as they grow.
They have a life cycle that is measured in weeks. But when the population is big, they suck the juice, the life, right out of new growth. If there are a lot of them they can kill tender new shoots.
No matter what you spray, it must be 100% coverage. Tops of leaves, bottom of leaves etc. If you miss spots they survive and the population continues to explode.