There are no guarantees that this will work, but you could try cutting a foot long, or so, length of the stem with the pod and some leaves attached and put it in a vase/jar with water, like a cut flower. Then place it in a bright window during the daytime so that the leaves can continue to photosynthesize and finish ripening the seeds. Depending on the type of plant, some cuttings will end up rooting while others seem to divert everything they have into ripening the seeds and leaves and stems shrivel and die in the process. I've not done it with Datura, specifically, but it's often worked for me with other plants that had pods that were near being ripe but not quite.
Of course, the other option is to dig up the roots and store them somewhere cool that stays above freezing since Datura is actually a short-lived tender perennial. If you left the stem with the seed pods attached to the roots, then you may buy enough time to ripen the seeds and have the stored roots as well.
Whatever you do, be sure to keep the sap out of your eyes and wash up well after handling the plant.