Suckers coming up will be a much more significant issue than any ground subsidence.
Our yard had a number of large poplars (a commonly-planted tree here for it's hardiness and rapid growth but generally a bad decision to plant on a city lot, due to suckering habit, very large size and other negative aspects such as fluff produced by female trees (though that's avoidable by planting male clone cultivars)) that, fortunately, were cut down by the previous owner before we purchased the property. We come across old roots even 17+ years later* (we've lived here 17 years) but ground subsidence is not a factor. Fortunate also, for us, is that the previous owner dealt with the suckering, and we did not have to.
*Edit: To clarify, it's not as though the roots decay and disappear immediately, or even that they take up such a volume as to create a potential for ground subsidence.
